![]() The number is highly dependent on which population the research covers, as well as on which symptoms are included (cf. ![]() According to Leahy (2007), BD affects 3–5% of the population. Moreover, up to 50% of BD patients attempt suicide at least once in their lives and approximately 15–20% eventually die by suicide ( Craddock and Jones, 1999 Grande et al., 2016). Successful treatment is crucial, as the suicide rate for those with BD is 20 times higher than for the general population ( Ösby et al., 2001 Grande et al., 2016). However, appropriately diagnosed, it can be effectively treated with a combination of psychological and pharmacological treatment ( Leahy, 2007). Furthermore, the DSM-5 ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013) includes ‘other specified bipolar and related disorders’ (an episode shorter than four continuous days), and ‘bipolar disorder not otherwise specified’ (NOS).īD is a chronic and often devastating illness, easily undiagnosed or misdiagnosed ( Singh and Rajput, 2006 Leahy, 2007) because of its complex and diverse nature. The criteria for cyclothymic disorder are to have had several episodes with symptoms of both hypomania and depression within a 2-year period (1 year for children). The DSM-III ( American Psychiatric Association, 1980) introduced a third type, ‘cyclothymic disorder,’ referring to conditions similar to BD-II, but which do not qualify for a diagnosis of hypomania or depressive episode. (2016) argued that BD-I might seem to have a more severe symptomatology and prognosis than BD-II due to comorbid symptom severity however, BD-II has a higher frequency of episodes as well as higher rates of comorbid psychiatric conditions and suicidal behaviors, thus severely impairing the quality of life of persons diagnosed with it. According to Craddock and Jones (1999), there are a large number of people who have illnesses with features of both schizophrenia and BD, called schizoaffective disorders. Sometimes BD-I includes psychosis and/or hallucinations, thus being somewhat similar to schizophrenia. In other words, the types differ in how severe the mania typically is. ![]() BD-II includes milder forms of mania, so-called hypomanic episodes ( Craddock and Jones, 1999), and depressive episodes. BD-I comprises manic episodes followed by depressive episodes. ![]() Currently, the bipolar spectrum diagnosis consists of two major types (BD-I and BD-II). The fifth edition specified the symptoms further ( American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The American Psychiatric Association (2019) explains that the aim when developing the DSM-IV was to establish an empirical basis for making the modifications. The fourth edition of the manual (DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association, 1994) divided the affective disorders into different types and subtypes. However, it took another 20 years for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to replace the initial term ‘manic depression’ with this more modern term when the third edition of the manual was introduced (DSM-III American Psychiatric Association, 1980). The term bipolar disorder, however, was first used in 1957, by the German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard (1957) for disorders with both manic and depressive episodes ( Leonhard, 1999). This categorization was introduced by Emil Kraepelin nearly 100 years ago. This study highlights the crucial importance of a collaborative relationship between the clinician and the patient.īipolar disorder (BD) refers to a group of affective disorders, also called mood disorders, which are characterized by depressive episodes and hypomanic or manic episodes ( Phillips and Kupfer, 2013). Generally, the participants had learned to recognize, understand and tackle early symptoms of both hypomanic and depressive episodes to avoid developing a full-blown acute episode. Moreover, the experiences of others’ reactions were multifold, though generally surprisingly positive. A major concern that arose was delayed diagnosis, leading to inadequate treatment, and lack of knowledge among professionals about non-typical forms of BD. The results showed that the primary treatment all participants had received or were currently receiving was pharmacotherapy, typically without any psychological component. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with seven people diagnosed with BD. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of being diagnosed with BD and the impact that receiving a correct diagnosis had had on life situations and relationships with others.
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